The Medias Influence on Teenagers on What They Watch,...

The ages thirteen through nineteen have been influenced by many things through the media. TV programs, movies, advertising, magazines, and the web. These medias are more used by teenagers than any other group. Teenagers are very difficult to figure out what they watch, or read, or listen. It’s different, but all together it’s mostly the same. The TV programs have a lot of stereotypes towards teenagers. Girls think they can’t do things that guys do. There are programs out there that show those types of stereotypes and these stereotypes get into their head which makes them realize there’s no way for them to do it. The contradicted stereotypes are that there are some girls out there in this world that CAN do what any guy can do.†¦show more content†¦In school, there are clubs and after school activities. The people running those advertise by giving out fliers or just straight up talking to you about their club or the activities. They can also ask a s pecific person, like for example, they can go to a different race and talk about a certain subject that’s referring to that race. Anyone can be advertised in any way or anything. It doesn’t matter if you’re a girl or a guy or a different race. You’ll be advertised anyways. Sometimes when it’s a specific type of advertisement that’s referring to someone specific, it can make you think â€Å"oh it’s not for me so I should just ignore it.† And it’ll make you feel like that advertisement wasn’t for you, but for someone else. There are so many different kinds of magazines. There are fashion magazines, fitness magazines, cooking magazines, and all other kinds. The ones that teens usually look at are fashion, fitness, and sport magazines. For girls the fashion magazine is the one they would most likely look at. They want to follow the trends and what’s in and what’s out of fashion and some want to fit in wi th a crew that dresses differently. Same thing with the guys. Whatever’s out of fashion for them, they don’t wear anymore, but for girls whatever was out can come back to trend. For the guys that usually doesn’t happen. People may think of you differently because of what you’re wearing, but they really don’t know who you really are.Show MoreRelatedSex, Young Adults, and The Media Essay616 Words   |  3 PagesThe media plays a very big role in the lives of young adults today. Whether it is watching Access Hollywood, checking Perez Hilton’s blog religiously or watching fictitious TV shows and movies every night. All of the media in today’s society must add up to some influence on the teens of America. The media today mostly has lust and sex selling us products on television commercials or provocative ads in magazines, or the media just entertains us for hours on end. The media rarely has a positive influenceRead MoreHow Does Media In fluence Modern Society?1531 Words   |  6 Pagesdoes the mass media influence modern society? 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Sociologist and Psychologist contemplate that question often. The media has been accused of causing violent behavior, negative racial stereotyping and negative body perceptions mostly among young girls. No one can deny that the media has an effect on society, but is the media just giving society what he or she wants? Has the media taken away our ability to think for ourselves critically? We are constantly feed information from the newspapers, television

U.s. Department Of Homeland Security - 758 Words

On March 31, 2016, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) started a nationwide campaign to warn against the dangers faced by the U.S. utilities against the cyberattacks. According to DHS, there were an estimated 331 hacks or physical attacks against the U.S. power grid from 2011 to 2014. As of February 2016, they are occurring at a rate of once every 4 days. â€Å"A major cyberattack on the U.S. electric grid could cause over $1 trillion in economic damage, estimates ThreatTrackSecurity.com.† (MacDonald, 2016, pg. 2). To detect a cyberattack on the power grid, Western Interconnection should implement a system that will allow public and private authorities to receive Indications and Warning (IW) when a cyberattack is in its early phase. Koester and Cohen (2012) discuss their Electric Power Grid Indications Warning Tool in their paper. The purpose of this tool is â€Å"to provide near real-time IW to alert private and public sector authorities when the likely causes of outage events are malicious activity.† (Koester Cohen, 2012, p. 1). The tool minimizes false alarms due to severe weather and high temperatures. Implementing this solution will allow administrators at the Western Interconnection power grid to take precautionary measures as necessary. For example, the substations can be manually shutdown in case of a cyberattack, to prevent potential damage and spread of malware. In addition to the aforementioned tool, aShow MoreRelatedU.s. Department Of Homeland Security1668 Words   |  7 Pages1. Purpose Among one of the missions of The U.S. Department of Homeland Security is to protect and preserve the security of the Cyberspace in the country. 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Department Of Homeland Security1261 Words   |  6 Pagesand therefore must also prepare to minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur. As September 11 showed and proved to us that we are not where we are supposed to be, the aftermath showed us how vulnerable we we re. The Department of Homeland Security has made tremendous improvement since then to ensure the preparedness of our nation’s emergency response professionals, provide the federal government’s response, aid America’s recovery from terrorist attacks and natural disasters andRead MoreU.s. Department Of Homeland Security Essay1796 Words   |  8 Pagespower to decide whom to investigate, arrest, detain, charge, and prosecute. The Agencies may develop discretionary policies specific to the laws they are charged with enforcing, the population they serve, and the problem they face. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) may decide how to prioritize its resources in order to meet its stated enforcement goals that are set by the President. With executive unilateral powers the president, drafts policies without and sometimes over the objection ofRead MoreU.s. Federal Department Of Homeland Security1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe idea of the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security evolved into the biggest U.S. government reorganization in American history. Prior to the establishment of the Department, Americans increasingly became concerned about terrorism on our soil. This concern was triggered by the World Trade Center bombing in 1993, the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 as well as the discovery of a bomb at the Atlanta Olympics in 1994. Additionally, it became more apparent to the Americans that terrorismRead MoreU.s. 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Business Valuation Report of Amazon-Free Assignment Sample

Question: Discuss abou the Business Valuation Report Amazon. Answer: Introduction of the Company- Amazon Based in Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Amazon is a leading online retailer. Found in 1995, the company has expanded to different parts of the world such as the Asia Pacific, North America and Western Europe. The Company can be divided into three domains namely International, North America, and Amazon Web Services (AWS). As far as the North America segment goes, the focus is on boosting the retail sales of consumer products from sellers as well as subscribers. it can be achieved through the official websites of different countries such as www.amazon.com.mx, www.amazon.com, and www.amazon.ca. Additionally, its North America segment deals in export sales too through these websites. Talking about the International segment, revenue comes from the sale of consumer products, majorly through the sellers and subscriptions via official websites. Just like the other domain, even here sales would be generated through export sales from its official websites referring to different countries including the United States, Mexico and Canada. Furthermore, the AWS segment generates revenue through the sales of database, computer storage, and many other AWS service offerings to government agencies, new businesses and academic institutions. Though the company started with selling books online, over a passage of time, they have managed to diversify to different product segments including apparel, electronic and home improvement products. Even though the e-commerce industry has had a rough time in between but Amazon managed to sustain the pressure. Amazon gained its first annual profit in 2003, and since then, it has performed consistently well each year. The company competes with other market players including Barnes and Nobles, and Ebay.com (Ebay). With the current market capitalisation amounting to 726.73USD, the company has been forging ahead to make an exceptional mark in the industry. Financial Analysis Profitability The company's profitability has improved by 0.16% for a full calendar year touching the mark of $1.2 billion (Owens, 2016). It was during the same quarter last year that the company suffered from a loss of $57 million. Thus the recent statistics only show the growth company has made in the past year. The most prominent change witnessed in the last one calendar year is the emergence of Amazon Web Services as a strategic asset. Of all, its the cloud-computing arm of Amazon which witnessed a high growth rate and a positive margin as compared to other domains. In the first quarter, AWS generated revenue of $2.57 billion, a 64% growth during the same quarter a year ago, and Amazons e-commerce business enjoyed a stupendous 25.6% year-over-year growth. While Amazons e-commerce business reported an operating margin of less than 2% in the quarter, AWS reported an operating margin of 23.5%, thereby significantly contributing to the percentage of revenue (Owens, 2016). The company posted its fourth straight profit through a 28% sales increase (Pramuk, 2016). Given the stifling market competition, Amazon Web Services managed to report a sales increase of 64%to $2.57 billion from the mark of $1.57 billion in the prior-year period (Pramuk, 2016). Alongside, the sales figures matched the forecasts in both its North America and international units. While the North America reported sales at $16.99 billion, a 27% increase from $13.41 billion in the previous year, the International revenue increased by 24% to $9.57 billion from $7.75 billion, thereby surpassing the popular estimates. Its expected that for the second quarter, Amazon will achieve the net sales in between $28 billion to $30.5 billion, which marks 21 to 32%growth from the previous year. Amazon.com Inc'sannualizedReturn on Equity (ROE)for thequarterthat ended inMar. 2016was14.58% (gurufocus.com, 2016). This goes on to prove that the company has managed to make the best out of the investment to drive it towards growth and success. Also, it enhances the market value of the company as investors decide to put their bet on the profitable companies in the market. The annualReturn on Assets (ROA)for thequarterthat ended inMar. 2016was found to be 3.24% (gurufocus.com, 2016). Though the company suffered from the ROA from the year 2013 to 2014, the value managed to improve from 2014 to 2015, thereby surpassing the level seen during the year 2013. Working Capital Analysis As far as working capital is concerned, the company has managed to maintain a positive cash flow with the maximum amount $1,450 in 2007. As of the first quarter of 2016, the value of working capital stands at $4.84 billion from $5.58 billion in fourth quarter 2015 (wikiinvest.com, June 6, 2016). It only goes on to show the capacity of the company to pay off its short-term liabilities and operating expenses. It is calculated as the difference between current assets and liabilities. Working capital indicates the capacity of the companys operation strength. If to analyse in the context of efficiency, Amazon has managed to effectively utilize its assets in generating sales as compared to the other market players. This validates Amazon's effective inventory and asset management as well supported under the influence of low profit margin and low pricing strategy. Asset Turnover ratio indicates how efficiently a company converts its asset through sales from different products. The revenuefor the company for the three months ended inMar. 2016touched the mark of $29,128 million. The average value of the total assets of the company in the quarter that ended inMar. 2016was$63,286 million. Henceforth, Amazon.com Inc's asset turnover for thequarter that ended inMar. 2016was0.46. Based on the industry standard, Amazon is surpassing the market standards. As for the assets turnover ratio, the company managed to achieve the value of 1.91 in the first quarter of 2016 despite the increase in the revenue (csimarket.com, 2016). The value stands at 1.98 in the Q4 of 2015. Within retail sector, the company had earned the top spot in asset turnover ratio. Till now, the company had attained the highest asset turnover ratio of 9.92 as on Sep 30, 2005 (csimarket.com, 2016). Conclusion Based on Amazon's current performance and the way it has managed to surpass the market estimates, there is fair chance that the company will have a strong growth trajectory as backed by the low pricing strategy coupled and the famous free shipping model. Amazon has been making strategic moves in order to fit into the stifling market competition in different markets. Amazon has pushed its market share in the e-commerce segment in the US from 22% last year to 26% this year, as per Macquarie Research (Wahid, 2016). If Macquarie Research analysts are to be believed, then the company has managed to gain 51 cents from every additional $1 spent on online retail items in the US. As there seems no closure to the shopping trend, the company will continue to ride high on its e-commerce model in the times to come. As per some market analysts, nearly half of the households in the US would become Prime members by 2020, an increase of 25% from the existing value (Wahid, 2016). The company has been making many strategic moves in order to develop its strength. For instance, the e-commerce giant Amazon has been eyeing the huge Indian market to increase its influence outside the U.S. It would not just be making capital investment but would be planning to acquire some starups to consolidate its presence in the region. It has recently acquired Indian payments company Emvantage Payments Pvt. Ltd, though the amount hasnt been disclosed yet (Rao, 2016). Just like PayPal, Emvantage would make it easier for online merchants to accept credit and debit cards. Given its long term strategic vision, the company aims to develop and strengthen payment service system for e-commerce in India. In the same vein, the company had acquired Zappos.com and enhanced version of Kindle to boost the sales for the company and hence the profitability. These strategic steps reflect the approach of the company and its confidence in gaining an edge over other competing firms in different pro duct segments around the world. As the company has shown encouraging financials, the annual profit is expected to increase in the years to come. Given its strong financial results amid the tough economic situation, it has boosted the confidence of the customers on the company. As it enjoys the status of a market leader in online retail, its sales are going to increase in the near future. Given the projected global online sales of $2.05 trillion in 2016, there is sufficient scope for other industry players to give tough competition to Amazon. With strong prospects for growth, shares of the company has increased 277% over the past five years, thereby expanding the market capitalization to $323 billion, surpassing Walmarts $197.5 billion. As per the Wall Street analysts, the 12-month target price for the share of the company is $746.60, thereby reflecting a return potential of 8.3% (Wahid, 2016). References Csimarket.com. (2016). Amazon Com Inc Asset Turnover Ratio (AMZN), from first quarter 2016 to first quarter 2015 current and historic results, rankings and more - CSIMarket. [online] Available at: https://csimarket.com/stocks/singleEfficiencyat.php?code=AMZN Gurufocus.com. (2016). Amazon.com Inc (AMZN) Asset Turnover. [online] Available at: https://www.gurufocus.com/term/turnover/AMZN/Asset%252BTurnover/Amazon.com%2BInc Owens, J. (2016). Amazons best new feature: Profitability. MarketWatch. Retrieved from https://www.marketwatch.com/story/a-new-day-for-amazon-2016-04-28 Pramuk, J. (2016). Amazon blows past earnings estimates, shares pop 12%. CNBC. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2016/04/28/amazoncom-reports-q1-earnings-results.html Rao, L. (2016). Amazon Just Acquired This Payments Company. [online] Fortune. Available at: https://fortune.com/2016/02/16/amazon-acquisition-india/ Wahid, N. (2016). Can Amazon.com, Inc (AMZN) Stock Sustain the Upward Rally Going into 2016?. [online] Businessfinancenews.com. Available at: https://www.businessfinancenews.com/27121-can-amazon-amzn-stock-sustain-the-upward-rally-going-into-2016/ Wikinvest.com. (2016). Change In Working Capital for Amazon.com (AMZN) - Wikinvest. [online] Available at: https://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Amazon.com_(AMZN)/Data/Change_In_Working_Capital

What Was the Role of the First World War on Mussolinis Transition from Socialism to Fascism Essay Example

What Was the Role of the First World War on Mussolinis Transition from Socialism to Fascism Essay What was the role of the First World War in Mussolini’s transition from Socialism to Fascism? Mussolini’s controversial transition from his Socialist roots to leader of the Fascist Party has been bewildering to many, particularly those who perceive it as a sudden and random change. However, many historians, such as O’Brien, have suggested this transition was not so random; Mussolini’s political shift from the Left to the Right was the result of World War One. Italy’s entry into the war in 1915 divided the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), which led to Mussolini’s expulsion and his rapid political evolution. On the other hand, Gregor argues that Mussolini’s underlying revolutionary nature was the main reason for his change, as it directed his beliefs to adopt various ideologies that conformed with his desire for revolution. Conversely, Payne argues that Nationalism completed the establishment of Fascism. This essay will explore these three arguments in order to understand whether Mussolini’s transition from Socialism to Fascism was the result of the war, his revolutionary nature, or the influence of Nationalism. O’Brien has argued that the developments in the First World War guided Mussolini’s political transition from Socialism to Fascism. We will write a custom essay sample on What Was the Role of the First World War on Mussolinis Transition from Socialism to Fascism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Was the Role of the First World War on Mussolinis Transition from Socialism to Fascism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Was the Role of the First World War on Mussolinis Transition from Socialism to Fascism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Italy’s intervention into the war, to Mussolini’s personal experience in the trenches and the disastrous Battle of Caporetto all contributed to Mussolini’s political evolution. Italy’s intervention into World War One in 1915 signified a pivotal point in Mussolini’s political career. As a Socialist, Mussolini was expected to promote the neutrality of Italy in the war, which he initially did. In the Socialist paper, Avanti, Mussolini declared that Italy should remain neutral, as Italy had not started the war, and it would sacrifice many working class lives. However, Mussolini’s view on intervention soon changed (at least publically), as he began to express pro-interventionist writings in Avanti. In October 1914, Mussolini argued that the PSI had always supported the allies, therefore intervention would not be altering their beliefs and that war could be seen as an opportunity for revolution. Furthermore, he argued that neutrality was risky and it would have consequences, particularly for Italian expansionism if the Allies or Central Powers annexed territory Italy desired, such as the Balkans. However, the Socialists did not agree and 20 October 1914, Mussolini was expelled from the PSI. Thus, the issue of intervention demonstrated how Mussolini’s beliefs evolved from the start of World War One. On the other hand, Mussolini’s apparent change of heart from neutralist to interventionist was not really a change. Not only was interventionism consistent with his revolutionary Socialism, he had already published and agreed with the syndicalist, Panunzio’s, pro-intervention articles in his personal paper, Utopia in November 1913. Nevertheless, although the intervention issue may not have altered Mussolini’s views significantly, he was expelled from the PSI as a result, which had a considerable impact on his beliefs afterwards. Thus, intervention could be seen as the architect of his political evolution. Similarly, Mussolini’s personal experience in the trenches contributed to the development of his political beliefs. Mussolini joined the war in August 1915, which awakened his patriotism. He also became less anti-military. However, Mussolini’s patriotism has been identified from as early as 1909. During his time in Trentino, Mussolini became associated with Battisti; his strong patriotism for Italy inspired Mussolini. Furthermore, as a socialist, Mussolini had always stressed that Socialism was against Nationalism, not the nation. Nevertheless, his sense of national unity and tolerance of the military were expressed during his time in the trenches and represented a fundamental change in his political thought. It also demonstrated his tendency to adapt his views in response to changing circumstances. The Battle of Caporetto in October 1917 had a huge impact on the development of Mussolini’s political attitude; for the first time he identified with the Nationalist movement. Indeed, De Felice believes that this disaster was largely responsible for Mussolini’s transition to Fascism. The Battle was a surprise German and Austrian offensive on the Italian Army, which resulted in the collapse of the Italian Front and many deaths. This was worsened by the Italian General Cadorna; he blamed the soldiers and destroyed their morale. Mussolini defended the soldiers and wanted justice. The Nationalist movement had a similar attitude. The Battle of Caporetto enhanced Mussolini’s attitude towards the military and brought him closer to the Nationalist movement and right-wing politics. Thus, the developments in World War One created huge political unrest at home, which altered Mussolini’s political thinking and attitudes towards socialism, the military and the nation. These changes were significant in Mussolini’s transition to Fascism, therefore the war did play a central role in Mussolini’s political evolution. Alternatively, Gregor has argued that Mussolini’s transition to Fascism was the result of his revolutionary nature, as he only adopted beliefs that were congruent with his desire for revolution. This has been supported by the idea that Mussolini never truly belonged to any political Party. Indeed, Mussolini’s political beliefs from his Socialist days appear to be a culmination of borrowed ideologies from Marxism, Socialism and revolutionary Syndicalism. Although by fifteen years of age Mussolini called himself a socialist, he rejected moderate socialist ideas of reform on the grounds that it was conforming to bourgeois society and was passive. Thus, he was more influenced by Marxism. He despised the bourgeoisie and traditional institutions, such as the Catholic Church and the military, as they apparently repressed the proletariat. Consequently, he believed that class confrontation and revolution by the proletariat would resolve this repression. Mussolini opposed Parliament, as he believed they were too self-involved to transform Italy from a backward State. He also despised Nationalism as it apparently endorsed the vested interests of the bourgeoisie, church, military and monarchy. Thus, Mussolini’s political attitude was a combination of the radical aspects of Marxism, Socialism and revolutionary Syndicalism, whilst disregarding moderate aspects, such as reform. This supports the idea that Mussolini was simply a revolutionary, not committed to any one Party or ideology and that this is the reason he was able to adopt Fascism. On the other hand, it may have been Mussolini’s influences (particularly in his youth) that led to this mixture of beliefs, rather than his lack of loyalty to any one ideology. Mack Smith believes that Mussolini’s father had the greatest influence on his political attitude. His father was a radical socialist, often in prison, and Mussolini spent a lot of time with him and his socialist associates. However, as a young man, Mussolini became more influenced by Marx than Socialism. Furthermore, during his time in Switzerland in 1902, Mussolini became familiar with revolutionary syndicalists, such as Michels and LeBon(who wrote about crowd psychology; crowds apparently needed myths to motivate them ) and Panunzio (who was against reforms). Thus, Mussolini was surrounded by politics from a young age, which may explain why he was inspired by so many different ideologies. However, it is more likely that these influences reinforced his natural revolutionary instincts. Indeed, some of these ideas that influenced Mussolini were later seen in the Fascist regime, such as myths around the Duce. This therefore reiterates Gregor’s argument that Mussolini’s revolutionary nature led him to adopt views that complemented his desire for revolution and was therefore open to any Party that would provide this, including Fascism. On the contrary, Payne has argued that Mussolini’s Fascism was the result of the Nationalist movement. Whilst Mussolini’s ideas evolved from Socialism, through revolutionary Syndicalism, Nationalism completed the transition. Indeed, once Mussolini was expelled from the PSI, he needed to support someone new; and so turned to the revolutionary Syndicalists who were also pro-intervention. This demonstrated Mussolini’s tendency to change according to political situations, and the importance of the ideologies he turned to. Indeed, the revolutionary Syndicalists were significant, as they had parallels with the Nationalist Party (ANI). These included violence that would lead to a revolution of the classes, imperialism and class hierarchy. They both believed that intervention into the war would create revolution, thus demonstrating unity of the Left and Right. Furthermore, syndicalists, such as Michels, stressed the importance of uniting the classes to protect the Italian nation. This highlights the element of national consciousness in Syndicalism. These overlaps demonstrate the influence of the National movement on Mussolini’s development. By adopting revolutionary Syndicalism, Mussolini was essentially adopting elements of Nationalism, which thus influenced his journey to Fascism. On the other hand, the disaster at Caporetto had a major impact on Italy’s political situation and created more support for the Nationalists. It was the reaction of the Nationalists after Caporetto that influenced Mussolini. Caporetto signified intense disillusionment with the current government and created national unity amongst the Italians. Cadorna’s blaming of the soldiers created anger and Corradini (a lead figure in Nationalism) believed soldiers should be rewarded. This aligned with Mussolini’s view; he believed the government should boost the morale of the soldiers by uniting the nation and promoting revolution. Thus, Mussolini identified with the Nationalists for the first time after Caporetto, which may have increased his willingness to adopt Nationalist ideas in the following years. The Red years, beginning in 1919, completed this and symbolised Mussolini’s complete abandonment of Socialism. These years were characterised by strikes and national unrest. They not only brought a decline in the support for the PSI (due to fear of communism), but also created a state of confusion, particularly amongst the bourgeoisie, as to which Party to support. Mussolini recognised this situation as an opportunity to create a revolution, and thus appealed to the bourgeoisie to support him, as he knew the Proletariat were loyal to the Left. He thus concentrated on motivating the bourgeoisie into revolution against the Socialists and Liberal Government (Nationalist element). This is another example of a fundamental change in belief. As a socialist, Mussolini had empahsised the importance of a proletariat revolutuion, but now he empahsised a revolution induced by the bourgeoise. The Red years are thus an example of how Mussolini adapted his views in response to a situation and manipulated them to achieve his aims of revolution. In this sense, Nationalism was the final factor that drove Mussolini to adopt Fascism; particularly due to the lack of a political doctrine on the Fascist part. Indeed, in 1923, the Pact of Fusion incorporated the Corradini and Rocco’s National Doctrine into Fascism. Thus, Payne’s argument that Fascism was the ultimate result of the Nationalist movement is demonstrated by the parallels of Nationalism in Mussolini’s revolutionary syndicalist thought and the growing similarities between Mussolini’s and nationalist attitudes during the failures of the war. The Red Years completed Mussolini’s gradual attraction to Nationalism, his abandonment of Socialism and led to him embrace right-wing politics. Overall, Mussolini’s transition from Socialism to Fascism was not random. The war certainly transformed Mussolini’s political career forever and made him sympathetic to the politics and institutes he had always hated; the military and Nationalism. Furthermore, World War One intensified his national consciousness, particularly his experiences in the trenches and the disaster of Caporetto. Indeed, it was essentially his patriotism that connected him to the Nationalist movement. In this sense the war did play the central role in Mussolini’s transition; in the end it was the Nationalist doctrine that defined Fascist ideology. However, Mussolini’s revolutionary nature no doubt drove all his political decisions. From a young age, he was a radical and greatly inspired by his radical father. This meant that he was open to any political Party that promoted radical ideas and can explain why he was so willing to abandon ideologies that did not conform to this, such as Socialism. Indeed, his revolutionary instinct seems to be the only thing that was consistent throughout Mussolini’s political development; from the very beginning of the Fascist movement he promoted violence and revolution which lasted until 1943. Payne’s argument, therefore, connects O’Brien and Gregor’s approaches to Mussolini’s adoption of Fascism. Whilst the war changed his political career and made him more aware of Nationalism, and his revolutionary instincts made him open to radical change, Nationalism completed it. Without the war, Mussolini may still have been in the PSI, therefore would have avoided Nationalism, and without his revolutionary instincts, he would not have been open to adopt right-wing politics, even if it was radical. Furthermore, without the Nationalist Party, there would not have been Fascism, as it was national unity that gained the Nationalist movement support and it was Corradini and Rocco’s Nationalist doctrine that formed the basis of Fascist ideology. Thus, although the First World War transformed Mussolini’s political career, and led to the evolution of his beliefs as a result, and although the Nationalist movement completed his transition to Fascism, Mussolini’s revolutionary nature seems to be the central reason for his abandonment of Socialism and adoption of Fascism. It was this that prevented his full commitment to any Party and made him open to other political ideologies. From Marxism and Socialism, to revolutionary Syndicalism and Fascism, Mussolini’s revolutionary instincts determined the political decisions he made, which resulted in his changing views. Even if the war had never have occured, Mussolini’s desire for revolution would have motivated him to respond to alternative events and political crises that would have developed his beliefs. The war just speeded up this process due to the failures of war and incompetent government to resolve the situation. Furthermore, without the war, Nationalism would still have had the same ideology and alternative political events would have led Mussolini to join this movement. Thus, his revolutionary nature maintained one consistent idea throughout Mussolini’s transition; the desire for revolution, and he would not have rested until the opportunity occurred.