Understanding of Intersubjectivity and Life in Theodors Celms Philosophical Works :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Comprehension of Intersubjectivity and Life in Theodors Celm's Philosophical Works Dynamic: Theodors Celms (1893-1989), a noticeable Latvian scholar, was probably the best understudy. Intersubjectivity was a significant topic in the mental perusing of phenomenology when Celm went to the issue of the supernatural I and to a living-as opposed to sensibly characterized subject. Celms presumed that Husserl's phenomenology couldn't address the subject of intersubjectivity in light of the fact that throughout its improvement it just subbed pluralistic solipsism for monistic solipsism. What is generally fundamental in phenomenology-the procedure of sense (or importance) development remains scarcely saw in Celms' work. Contemporary phenomenology has created as a way of thinking of new reasoning a phenomenology of life that can be applied in various manners toward taking care of different issues of intersubjectivity. Teacher Theodors Celms (1893-1989) was the most conspicuous Latvian logician. He has distributed critical philosophical works in Latvian and German. His philosophical legacy is: Der phã ¢nomenologische Idealismus Husserls, Riga, 1928; Vom Wesen der Philosophie, Regensburg, 1930; Lebensumgebung und Lebensprojektion, Leipzig, 1933; Subjekt und Subjektivierung. Studien à ¼ber das subjektive Sein, Riga, 1943. Every one of these works are republished now in Germany, under the title Der phã ¤nomenologische Idealismus Husserls and andere Schriften, Verlag Peter Lang, 1993. In 1922-1925 Celms went to Germany and took up courses in theory led by Rickert and Husserl. Husserl remembered him as perhaps the best understudy in phenomenology. At the University of Freiburg he got the doctoral qualification in theory. Later he turned into an examination colleague in the Deutsche Literaturzeitung fã ¼r Kritik der internationalen Wissenschaft. His primary philosophical book on Husserl was interpreted in Spain, Madrid, 1931. This work has not lost centrality up right up 'til the present time. Wreath in New Your in 1979 remembered it as significant however not, at this point accessible book. Celms got acclaimed as perhaps the most profound pundit of Husserl's supernatural phenomenology, who attempted to discover an exit from the phenomenological disparities. In the thirties Celms composed audits in German on M. Heidegger's and M.Scheler's methods of reasoning and distributed volumes in Latvian: Tagadnes problã ¨mas (The Problems of Today), Riga, 1934, and Patiesã ¬ba un à ¸Ã£ ¦itums (Truth and Appearance), Riga, 1939 just as isolated articles in papers, magazines and reference books. The topics of Man, subject, life, cognizance, culture, society involve a most conspicuous spot in T.Celms philosophical articles and talks in the University of Latvia. Toward the finish of the Second World War Celms emigrated to Germany, at that point moved to the USA (1949).

Herpes Essay -- essays research papers

Herpes Herpes is one of the normal of in excess of 30 diverse explicitly transmitted sicknesses (STD’s) in America today. Herpes is a disease that is brought about by one of two firmly related infections, herpes simplex infection type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex infection type 2 (HSV-2). The two of which are effortlessly gotten, have comparable manifestations, and can happen on various pieces of the body. Despite the fact that it is generally regular to see the infection HSV-1 show up as oral herpes and to see the infection HSV-2 show up as genital herpes.      Most regularly herpes is a generally innocuous illness that is once in a while hazardous. The most well-known type of herpes is oral herpes and for the most part appears on the lips or within the mouth as â€Å"cold sores† or â€Å"fever blisters†. Mouth blisters are basic in little youngsters who obtain them from being presented to dynamic mouth blisters of grown-ups and other kids. This type of herpes is irritating yet innocuous in the two kids and grown-up, yet is anyway exceptionally unsafe to an infant. It can once in a while be hard to recognize whether somebody has been presented to the next type of herpes, genital herpes. This is on the grounds that there are all the time no manifestations that accompany the infection. This isn't generally the situation however and when manifestations do happen they are frequently observed as a bunch of rankle bruises, ordinarily on the vagina, vulva, cervix, penis, or rear-end. For genital herpes, side effects ma y most recent half a month, leave yet just to return again weeks, months, or even years after the fact. Side effects may a...

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Introduction. In This Paper, I Am Going To Talk About Acute

Introduction In this paper, I am going to talk about Acute Stress Disorder and how it affects the daily lives of people who have it. What exactly is Acute Stress Disorder? According to Steve Bressert, a doctor in philosophy, ASD is: Acute Stress Disorder is characterized by the development of severe anxiety, dissociative, and other symptoms that occurs within one month after exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor (e.g., witnessing a death or serious accident). As a response to the traumatic event, the individual develops dissociative symptoms. Individuals with Acute Stress Disorder have a decrease in emotional responsiveness. (Bressert, 2016) Discussing Acute Stress Disorder The psychological disorder Acute Stress Disorder is a form of†¦show more content†¦ASD in Adults It is known that 80% of adults in the United States have experienced trauma at least once in their lives. I simply cannot imagine an adult going through this, but it must be more difficult for children to overcome it. It is not common for older adults to develop ASD, as they have most likely learned how to cope with stressful events. Experiencing a traumatic event at a young age can most likely lead to developing ASD in adulthood. ASD in adulthood can easily develop into a more complex psychological disorder known as PTSD. A treatment that can help adults is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, which can reduce the trauma. This treatment is usually used and is more effective in children rather than adults. Another type of treatment is Eye Movement Desensitisation and reprocessing, (EMDR). EMDR is a type of therapy treatment that can help people recover from their emotional distress in life. This type of therapy has been proven to be very effective in most cases, and is still used. ASD in Children According to the website Minddisorders.com, children do in fact suffer from ASD, but not as much as adults do. For example: Very little is known about the prevalence of ASD or PTSD in children, and even less is known how effectively medications and psychotherapy treat these disorders in this age group. There are as yet no standardized screens or diagnostic interviews in widespread use for assessing either ASD or PTSD in children, although a Child Post-TraumaticShow MoreRelatedPast, Present, and Future: Personal Statement1827 Words   |  7 PagesPast, Present, Future Paper Past, Present, Future Paper Introduction The goal of this essay is to be able to give a reflection on ones professional and personal lives throughout his or her program study at their college of choice. In this paper I will go back and give a full reflection on ones development despite the fact looking at the effects of finishing up the degree program of future and current professional objectives. In this paper, I will argue ones interpretations of learning, effectsRead MoreMy First Day Of Technical Writing Class1800 Words   |  8 PagesTaylor Tech Writing Mrs. Visser Interview paper Introduction Before the first day of Technical writing class, I thought it would be one of those classes that were required to take; classes that would reinstate what previous English classes, high school and freshmen year, taught. As the year progressed, I slowly started to realize that technical writing was so much integrated in everyday life. I am currently working on my bachelor’s degree in Psychology. I aspire to one day become a serial or forensicRead MoreDrug Addiction : Analyzing The Web And Different Textbooks About Drugs1813 Words   |  8 PagesDesmone’ L. Jones Professor Lara Tedrow Introduction to Psychology 1 13 November 2015 Drug Addiction While researching the web and different textbooks about drug addiction, I have found a lot of great information that I would like to share in this paper. Particularly about how it affects each person and just give a round about idea of what drug addiction really is and how people deal with it and overcome this in everyday life. This topic is very important and maybe it willRead MoreWalter Elias Disney : An Influential People Of The Twentieth Century1810 Words   |  8 PagesDraft Due: 12/3/14 Walter Elias Walt Disney Introduction Walter Elias Disney can be described many different ways. Was he an entrepreneur, innovator, cartoonist, film director, or father? What was it that made him one of the most influential people of the twentieth century? It was his passion for innovation, his mind of wonders, and his loving and caring personality. This is why he is the icon that he has come to be known today. 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A18 Section :- S1001 INDEX 1.Preface 2.Acknowledgement 3.Contents 4.IntroductionRead Moreâ€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†: A Comparison Introduction2266 Words   |  10 Pages â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†: A Comparison Introduction Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has received wide praise for its accurate depiction of madness and the symptoms attributed to mental breakdowns (Shumaker 1985).  Ã‚   While these symptoms may seem obvious from today’s psychological perspective, Gilman was writing at the close of the 19th century when the discipline of psychology was still emerging out of a rudimentary psychiatric approach to treatingRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Positive Health3711 Words   |  15 PagesAbstract This paper closely examines the effects of social media and its positive support on day-to-day lives. The negative, â€Å"dark side† of social media and networking sites is also covered. It pays close attention to the many different positive and negative trends that are found in the social support of the media webpages. An investigation and analysis of various studies that relate to this topic are also included in this paper. The similarities, differences and even ways to perform betterRead MoreMajor Depression: Case Study Investigation2657 Words   |  11 PagesINTRODUCTION. The following essay is a case study of a client named John who is suffering from major depression and was sent to see me for treatment by his concerned wife. I will provide brief background information about John then further discuss interventions and strategies I believe can be applied in each session with my client in order to make Johns life more manageable. In the essay, I will be writing as the therapist, and the sessions are based on a ten week period. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The Implementation Of A Policy - 1248 Words

Implementing a policy often comes with the comprehensive task of evaluation that consists for activities in which we investigate to develop an understanding of the methods and content of a policy to measure the merit, worth and the utility of that policy. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the definition of policy relates to the compliance and regulation of procedures, administrative action and the practice of that compliance of government and other institutions. Policy evaluation are the principles and methods that examine the framework, the implementation or the impact of a policy. The evaluation process is the monitoring of that activity to where we can gain an understanding of impact of that policy. In order for the HIPAA program to be analyzed and selected for implementation the program would have to go through an audit program. This audit program would analyze the processes, the controls and the policies in order for it to meet program requirements. This audit protocol would put the program through an audit performance and would be broken up into modules that would represent the elements of security, privacy and breach. These three categories would give an overview of the multiple requirements that would be selected for analyzation. These protocols would cover overall performance of the HIPAA implementation such as requirements for a notice for the privacy practices for health information, the rights to obtain privacy protection for privateShow MoreRelatedThe Implementation Of Neoliberal Policies1334 Words   |  6 PagesBangladesh. 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For many organisations this presents a challenging task to provide diversity models that consider the entire workforce, which is often viewed as a universal group instead of one with culturalRead MoreThe Policy Analysis, The Design And Implementation Of Policies Essay1963 Words   |  8 PagesThe policy analysis, The Desig n and Implementation of Policies to Protect Low-Income Households under a Carbon Tax, discusses the possible implementation and ramifications of a climate rebate as a part of carbon tax legislation. More specifically, how this rebate would safeguard low- and moderate-income families or individuals from a reduction in disposable income they would incur from larger energy charges due to a carbon tax. 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Art History †Civil War Free Essays

Two of the decade’s biggest stories came early on with the New York Times’ reporting of the Pentagon Papers in 1971 and the Washington Post’s coverage of Watergate scandal twine 1972 and 1976. 1 The ass’s displayed a trend of younger Journalists with higher ideals. Instead of simply covering the news on the government with blind-eye objectivity, Journalists began actively seeking ways to analyze and expose any type of dishonesty in its actions. We will write a custom essay sample on Art History – Civil War or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 The Pentagon Papers scandal turned the American public against the Vietnam War and exposed the U. S. Government for its lies and false promises over the past decade. 3 Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein reporting of the Watergate scandal is considered one of the high points in American investigative journalism. By using a variety of sources and interrogating U. S. Government officials inside the White House and the FBI, Woodward and Bernstein published numerous stories showing proof of am illegal presidential cover-up and â€Å"dirty trick† politics. 4 The Watergate scandal demonstrated how new technology began to aid the delivery of the news in the sass’s. Television, for example, began to take off, as people were now able to easily see and believe the news in a timely fashion, rather than simply reading about it. On August 8, 1974, President Richard Nixon formally reigned from the office of President in a televised broadcast. It was a defining moment in American history, as Nixon became the first president to willingly give up his position. The televised address confirmed that Americans were beginning to view television as a primary source of information. Nightly news broadcasts also expanded upon their success from the sass’s. Each of the three major television networks had their own recognizable and respected Journalists helping their newscasts. For example, Walter Coronate, who was hailed as â€Å"The Most Trusted Man in America,† anchored CBS. Nab’s team of John Chancellor and David Brinkley were a strong second, while BBC had a seacoast helped by Howard K. Smith. 6 Of course, the increased reliance on television in turn slightly decreased the importance of radio in the daily lives of Americans. Television and newspapers firmly became the leading news outlets during this time. Thus, because there was not as wide a variety of viable news sources (online, cable television, etc. ), audiences were not as fragmented as they are today in finding the news. 7 The ass’s also brought forth economic and social changes in the lives of American citizens, which made obtaining the news even more relevant during the time. Major trends included greater cynicism of government, advancement in civil rights, increased influence of the women’s movement, and environmental awareness. 8 During the course of the Vietnam War, Americans suffered through a slight depression. The news, in television and paper, became a way to constantly stay aware of national and international proceedings. 9 The war led to a heightened interest in daily-televised news. In turn, the Vietnam War became commonly known as the â€Å"Living Room† War, as families were able to see the violence occurring overseas. 10 In addition, the Watergate scandal, Roe v. Wade in 1973, the Fall of Saigon in 1975, among other major news stories, were all landmark historical moments-?thus making the news more culturally relevant than ever at the time. A new â€Å"norm† in Journalism also appeared during the sass’s decade known as â€Å"New Journalism,† or â€Å"literary Journalism. â€Å"al The works in the new genre were characterized by adding novelistic twists to reportage. Usual standards of accuracy were usually nonexistent and were often dependent on the mood of a place or event. 12 Writers such as Truman Capote, Tom Wolfe, Hunter S. Thompson and others reared a form of Journalism in which writers became more artistic and created â€Å"nonfiction novels. † The accuracy and reporting in these stories became the subject of controversy and caused mistrust in Journalistic integrity. 3 Traditional Journalists argued that the professional Journalistic norms of accuracy and factual verifiability discouraged the use of techniques such as inner monologue and excessive, over-the- top detail. However, the controversy of fact-and-fiction reporting in the sass’s led to more established rules and guide lines for Journalists. Many major Journalistic organizations and individual news organizations established codes and standards to limit the involvement of their Journalists in activities that could potentially â€Å"embarrass their organizations. 14 Thus, while much of the ass’s reflected a â€Å"crusading-yet-objective† style of Journalism, sensationalism and exaggeration were both still very much present. The relationship between the government and the media remained ever changing throughout the decade. In 1970, President Nixon created the Office of Telecommunications Policy in order to stress the rising importance of media in new formats. 5 During this time, news coverage of the Vietnam War via television showed Americans the horrors of war overseas and public sentiment towards Nixon and the war turned sour. The Top’s criticism of public broadcastings coverage of the Nixon administration, however, undermined congressional support for public broadcasting. 16 Another major development in 1970 was the creation of National Public Radio. NP began producing and distributing a variety of news programs and specials, funded by the government’s Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CAB). 17 Ata time when television was gaining momentum, a variety of different government actions inhibited further progression of public broadcasting. For example, in 1975 the Public Broadcasting Financing Act was signed, forcing the CAB to apply to Congress for funding every year. Furthermore, the he Public Telecommunications Financing Act restricted the Cab’s managerial and financial freedom. 18 Newspapers and magazines, however, still received a majority of their funding from advertising. However, since television began to steal more of the national audience, print magazines and papers began to move towards a more socialized advertising model. This idea became fully realized in the following decade. 9 Ultimately, the sass’s brought forth a major interest in Journalism. From government mistrust to civil rights, Journalism and getting the news was a priority for a vast majority of the American public. Thousands of Baby Boomers from World War II swelled enrollment in U. S. Journalism college programs, creating a generation of journalists that would not be changed until the birth and rise of the Internet in the 21st ce ntury. 20 Works Cited Miller, Mary and Teresa Crude. A 20th Century Timeline: Classroom Use of Instructional Film, Radio, and Television. How to cite Art History – Civil War, Papers

Ethics and Benefits of Human Cloning free essay sample

An argumentative paper on the ethics and benefits of human cloning. This paper discusses the history, background and the complicated ethics regarding human cloning. The author looks at the science of cloning, pros and cons of cloning and argues that cloning is beneficial in the long run. There is no other topic in health care with more potential for controversy than human cloning. I decided to write my paper on human cloning for this very reason, it will be an even more controversial issue than abortion in the future for my generation. Indeed, cloning is a topic for the future but this future is much closer than many people would like to believe. Many have deep religious and ethical reasons for wanting a total ban on human cloning. However, there are also many people, including some scientists, who believe that the possible benefits of human cloning outweigh the risks by a huge margin. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Benefits of Human Cloning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cloning has become an issue within the past 4 years due to the realization that it is possible to clone a human being.

The N Word free essay sample

The â€Å"N† Word It is probably the hurtful racial word ever created. It is a word known primarily as a means to degrade African Americans. The word packs such power to represent overt racial hatred; most people regardless of race will not even say it. In the dictionary the word nigger means, usually offensive, a member of any dark-skinned race and ignorant. The n word is word used to cause pain to African American people it is used to offend us so use it. It is a degrading word; a word that whit people used to as they use to say put us in our place. So why do we think it is ok to us it as a term of endearment. It was used as a word that brought our ancestors so much pain so why do we feel it ok to use it when they fought so hard to end the use of the word against them. We will write a custom essay sample on The N Word or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The NAACP had a funeral for the N as a way to put an end of use of the word, as a way to show the world that the word had no more meaning or pain when used as a put down, but the world still uses the word. Some people don’t even know the meaning of the word but still use it thinking its cool or the thing to do. Since the meaning of the word changed in the African American community people think its ok to use if you change the ending of the word from â€Å"er† to an â€Å"a† it is still the same word and in turn has the same meaning and should still not be used. Most people do not even know what the word means. t a word that brings pain to African American people and remind us that we are inferior and beneath white people. And we use it as a term of love, endearment. Changing the meaning dose not erase the pain it caused to our ancestors. The word should not be used especially by African American people in college because being in college shows that you are educated to get this far and the word means you are ignorant not educated, and in turn degrading yourself . The N word free essay sample The word Niger should not be used by anyone regardless of the circumstances. Niger comes from the Latin word Niger meaning black. Niger was used derogatory term used to refer to black slaves during colonial times. It represents generations of endured racism and oppression. The word was used to make a mockery of black people. Whether [Niger is] used as a noun, verb, or adjective, it strengthened the stereotype of the lazy, stupid, dirty, worthless nobody, (Niger, a brief history). The use of the word Niger strips away the individuality of a person.Niger is evident in IP hop music, the civil rights movement, pop culture, and is now used as a term of endearment. The genre of hip hop music Inspires use of the generalizing term Niger. HIP hop music allows the term Niger to be a normal thing to say. When Niger is used in a song it gives people of every race an excuse to use it. We will write a custom essay sample on The N word or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Certain words from song only can end up in a persons vocabulary. In the song Real Enigma Roll Call by Oil Jon and The East Side Boozy, the variation of the word Niger is used over 95 times. After hearing Niger over 95 times In one song, the word Is going to stick.Rappers should take responsibility for music they put out In the music Industry. Rappers could be more positive and help a lot more people out. An opposing argument is that Hip hop started in the late sasss, and it was a form of expression for blacks and it empowered them. Hip hop was all about individuality among blacks. Deceased rapper Outpace Shaker influenced many people going through struggles when he spoke about being grateful for what one has In his song Keep Hay Head up: Ahoy, I remember Marvin Gage, used to sing TA me He had me feeling like black was that thing to beAnd suddenly that ghetto didnt seem so tough And though we had it rough, we always had enough The problem with this argument Is that hip hop music Isnt Like that anymore, nowadays hip hop puts more emphasis on partying, drugs, and sex. Hip hop music encourages the use of the word Niger. The people of the Civil Rights Movement fought very hard against the generic term Niger. Dry. Martin Luther King Jar. Was all about fighting love with hate. He died fighting for the equality of his kind, and yet a few decades later those same people are using a malicious racial slur among themselves.This situation should not be what he died fighting for. Martin Luther King wrote in his Letter From Birmingham Jail When your first name becomes Niger, your middle name becomes boy. This quote shows what King thought about the use of Niger, shows how the term really generalizes people. His argument here is that if you call someone a Niger he might as well have no name. The word rugged has become a term of endearment, and people use It from racists by changing it from Niger to enigma. Enigma is supposed to mean friend. The word was supposedly reinvented and meant something entirely different.People ere Just conforming with each other and lost their way when they came up with this. Then blacks took pride in being insignias, a variation of a word they Just spent generations fighting. Niger oppressed black people for hundreds of years, people died fighting against that slur, Just because an A was added at the end, and all of a sudden its k. The word Niger takes away the individuality of a person. Niger was used as a mockery of black people. During the Civil Rights Movement the word was fought against. Hip hop music started off with great messages, but now songs use the word Niger excessively. The N word free essay sample The word Niger should not be used by anyone regardless of the circumstances. Niger comes from the Latin word Niger meaning black. Niger was used derogatory term used to refer to black slaves during colonial times. It represents generations of endured racism and oppression. The word was used to make a mockery of black people. Whether [Niger Is] used as a noun, verb, or adjective, It strengthened the stereotype of the lazy, stupid, dirty, worthless nobody, (N Egger, a brief history). The use of the word Niger strips away the individuality of a person. Niger is evident in IP hop music, the civil rights movement, pop culture, and is now used as a term of endearment. The genre of hip hop music inspires use of the generalizing term Niger. Hip hop music allows the term Niger to be a normal thing to say. When Niger is used in a song it gives people of every race an excuse to use it. We will write a custom essay sample on The N word or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Certain words from song only can end up in a persons vocabulary. In the song Real Amiga Roll Call by Ill Jon and The East Side Boozy, the variation of the word Niger Is used over 95 times. After hearing Niger over 95 times in one song, the word Is going to stick. Rappers should cake responsibility for music they put out In the music Industry. Rappers could be more positive and help a lot more people out. An opposing argument Is that HIP hop started In the late 19005 and It was a form of expression for blacks and it empowered them. Hip hop was all about individuality among blacks. Deceased rapper Outpace Shaker influenced many people going through struggles when he spoke about being grateful for what one has in his song Keep Way Head up: Ahoy, I remember Marvin Gay, used to sing TA me He had me feeling like blacks that thing to be And suddenly that ghetto didnt seem so tough And though we had It rough, we always had enough The problem with this argument is that hip hop music isnt like that anymore, nowadays hip hop puts more emphasis on partying, drugs, and sex. Hip hop music encourages the use of the word nighÐ’Â «. The people of the Civil Rights Movement fought very hard against the generic term Niger. DRP. Martin Luther King Jar. Was all about fighting love with hate. He died fighting for the equality of his kind, and yet a few decades later those same people are using a malicious racial slur among themselves. This situation should not be hat he died fighting for. Martin Luther King wrote in his Letter From Birmingham Jail When your first name becomes Niger, your middle name becomes boy. This quote shows what King thought about the use of enlarger, shows how the term really generalizes people. HIS argument here Is that If you call someone a Niger he might as well have no name. The word Niger has become a term of endearment, and people use it from racists by changing it from Niger to Amiga. Amiga is supposed to mean friend. The word was supposedly reinvented and meant something entirely different. People ere Just conforming with each other and lost their way when they came up with this. Then blacks took pride in being insignias, a variation of a word they Just spent generations fighting. Niger oppressed black people for hundreds of years, people died fighting against that slur, Just because an A was added at the end, and all of a sudden its k. The word Niger takes away the individuality of a person. Niger was used as a mockery of black people. During the Civil Rights Movement the word was fought against. Hip hop music started off with great messages, but now songs use the word Niger excessively. Lastly, Niger has supposedly become a term of endearment.

Free Essays on Kants Morality

Kant: Duty and Moral Worth Kant first sets out many of his ethical theories in the Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. These ideas are both put forth and proven in this work, to be expounded on in his later writings. One of the main points Kant tries to prove involves how w e determine what has moral worth and what does not. Kant’s major conclusion on this subject is that actions done from a sense of duty are the only actions which can have moral worth. Kant’s argument for this at first seems very sound, but some weak poin ts do arise. It would seem, that in certain situations an argument can be made showing that some acts can have moral worth and not be done strictly from a sense of duty. An act may not be done from duty and yet seen as having some sort of moral worth, s uch as acting out of friendship, or a mother’s love toward her child. Duty does not seem to be the only motivation which can determine moral worth, or if so Kant does not give a perfectly clear argument for this. In order to prove this, all points of Ka nt’s argument must first be inspected, including his definitions of duty and moral worth. Kant begins by claiming that a good will is good unconditionally, and this good will is one that acts for reasons. A will that always acts in this manner is a perfect or holy will. Kant’s major claim concerning moral worth is that only acts done from d uty are able to have any moral worth. What Kant calls â€Å"duty† is something which one is obligated to do, this type of duty has a sense of action to it. Actions, Kant claims, can be good and praise worthy, but at the same time not have moral worth. These actions may be done in accordance with duty but not from it. He gives the example of a person, who finds â€Å"an inner satisfaction in spreading joy,† that helps a person in need (398). This act is honorable, according to Kant, but does not have moral wort h. In order for this act to have moral worth, a man mus... Free Essays on Kant's Morality Free Essays on Kant's Morality Kant: Duty and Moral Worth Kant first sets out many of his ethical theories in the Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. These ideas are both put forth and proven in this work, to be expounded on in his later writings. One of the main points Kant tries to prove involves how w e determine what has moral worth and what does not. Kant’s major conclusion on this subject is that actions done from a sense of duty are the only actions which can have moral worth. Kant’s argument for this at first seems very sound, but some weak poin ts do arise. It would seem, that in certain situations an argument can be made showing that some acts can have moral worth and not be done strictly from a sense of duty. An act may not be done from duty and yet seen as having some sort of moral worth, s uch as acting out of friendship, or a mother’s love toward her child. Duty does not seem to be the only motivation which can determine moral worth, or if so Kant does not give a perfectly clear argument for this. In order to prove this, all points of Ka nt’s argument must first be inspected, including his definitions of duty and moral worth. Kant begins by claiming that a good will is good unconditionally, and this good will is one that acts for reasons. A will that always acts in this manner is a perfect or holy will. Kant’s major claim concerning moral worth is that only acts done from d uty are able to have any moral worth. What Kant calls â€Å"duty† is something which one is obligated to do, this type of duty has a sense of action to it. Actions, Kant claims, can be good and praise worthy, but at the same time not have moral worth. These actions may be done in accordance with duty but not from it. He gives the example of a person, who finds â€Å"an inner satisfaction in spreading joy,† that helps a person in need (398). This act is honorable, according to Kant, but does not have moral wort h. In order for this act to have moral worth, a man mus...

The engineering industry in The Philippines and Cambodia Assignment

The engineering industry in The Philippines and Cambodia - Assignment Example This increase necessitated the increase of engineers to handle the large importation and technological development. Survey indicates that compared to other industries in the country, the Engineering and architectural industry occupies over 25% of the market share making it the leading industry in terms of growth and development (Philippines Statistics Authority, 2012). The demand for engineers in this country is very high due to the reasons mentioned above about their trends. The universities however are now able to almost meet the demand with them producing over 40,000 engineers every year which has ensure that the demand is met almost to the full capacity required which is a positive thing. The company is continuing to expand its manufacturing and hence continues demanding a lot of engineers. Engineers in Philippines are required most in the categories of mechanical engineering as well as electric and electronic engineering. The rest of the engineering specializations such as the metallurgical engineering, the material as well as the industrial engineering are also required though not in large numbers as such. Cambodia has for a long time been affected by poverty and civil war negatively affecting the development of the industries. The current situation of the country is that various development projects have started to be funded by institutions such as World Bank and hence demanding an influx of engineers. The engineering industry has therefore started being on the rise with the increase in demand of even students in their last year of engineering education. According to The Editor of The New Economy, (2012), the civil engineering has been among the most engineering departments with the highest demand and whose work is being seen at the moment. The civil engineers are rising to be involved in planning and development of dams, referral hospitals, and roads among other types of constructions. On the increase are the electric

Pre-Raphaelite Women in Rossetti's The Girlhood of Mary Virgin Essay

Pre-Raphaelite Women in Rossetti's The Girlhood of Mary Virgin - Essay Example This is that blessed Mary, pre-elect, God's Virgin. Gone is a great while, and she Dwelt young in Nazareth of Galilee. Unto God's will she brought devout respect, Profound simplicity of intellect, And supreme patience. From her mother's knee Faithful and hopeful; wise in charity; Strong in grave peace; in pity circumspect. So held she through her girlhood; as it were An angel-watered lily, that near God Grows and is quiet. Till, one dawn at home, She woke in her white bed, and had no fear At all, -- yet wept till sunshine, and felt awed; Because the fullness of the time was come. II. â€Å"These are the symbols. On that cloth of red I’ the centre is the Tripoint: perfect each, Except the second of its points, to teach That Christ is not yet born. The books – whose head Is golden Charity, as Paul hath said – Those virtues are wherein the soul is rich: Therefore on them the lily standeth, which Is innocence, being interpreted. The seven-thorn’d briar and th e pal seven-leaved Are her great sorrow and her great reward. Until the end be full, the Holy One Abides without. She soon shall have achieved Her perfect purity: yea, God the Lord Shall soon vouchsafe His Son to be her Son1. The Girlhood of Mary contains strong religious symbolism. ... Gabriel Rossetti the artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti was born in London, England on May 12, 1828 with the given name of Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti. His mother was Frances Polidori and his father was Gabriel Rossetti who as a poet had a partiality towards the works of the poet Dante Alighieri that he gave his first son the same namesake. Later, Rossetti put the Dante first ahead of his birth name Gabriel in honour of the poet he was named after. Dante’s early works were said to be mirrored in the earlier works of Rossetti3. Dante Gabriel Rossetti had three other siblings (whom he was the eldest) who were equally talented. His other sibling, Cristina was also a poet just like her brother Dante Gabriel who sat as the Virgin Mary in the paintings of Dante Gabriel The Girlhood of Mary Virgin and Ecce Ancilla Domini. III. The Victorian Female during Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s time Dante Gabriel Rossetti (12 May 1828  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 9 April 1882) was born during the reign of Queen Victoria who was the Queen of England from 1837 to 1901. During the reign of Queen Victoria (known as Victorian era), the idea of ideal feminine was patterned after the queen herself. The respectability and figure of the ideal lady during the era of Queen Victoria surrounds around domestic purity as she dispenses her duty as a wife, mother and daughter 4(BBC 2004). This era is characterized as the domestic age as femininity was centered on family as epitomized by Queen Victoria who was the role model of marital stability and domestic virtue5. This social milieu during Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s time may have tremendously influenced his early works especially his first public oil painting The Girlhood of Mary when he describes his idea of lady to be innocent and pure; This concept of womanhood stressed

Causes of Cardiovascular Disease | Literature Review

Causes of Cardiovascular Disease | Literature Review 2 Abstract 3 Introduction 3.1 Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the broad class of diseases that involves the heart or/and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis, heart valve disease, arrhythmia, heart failure, hypertension, endocarditis, diseases of the aorta, disorders of the peripheral vascular system, and congenital heart disease [1]. However, atherosclerosis accounts for the major part of CVD (up to xx%), and sometimes CVD is misleading used as a synonym for atherosclerosis [REF]. Because atherosclerosis is the underlying disease of several CVD, part of patients, where one diagnosis of CVD became manifest, may present with further co-morbidities, especially other diagnosis of CVD are common. However, the portion of patients with co-morbidities is depending on the baseline disease [2-4]. For example 40-60% of patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) also have coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebral artery disease, but only 10-30% of patients with CAD have also PAD (Figure 1) [2, 4]. Further, the severity of cardiovascular co-morbidities correlates well with each other[5-7]. CVD is today responsible for ca. 30% of all deaths worldwide [8], while heart disease and stroke are the leading causes of mortality and disability in developed countries [9]. Although the mortality rates of CVD has a considerable variation across countries (xx% in xx to xx% in xx) [10], a common trend of increasing rates has been observed worldwide. Before 1900, infectious diseases and malnutrition were the most common causes of death throughout the world, and CVD was responsible for The economic burden and the public health costs are mainly driven by CVD. In terms of combined morbidity and mortality, 148 million Disability-Adjusted Life-Years (DALYs) were lost worldwide (2002), which represents about 10% of all lost DALYs [REF]. In 2008, CVD costs about 192 billion Euros a year alone in the European Union, which results in a per capita cost of 391 Euros [13]. 3.1.1 Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is the most frequent and important pattern of Arteriosclerosis, other forms of Arteriosclerosis are Mà ¶nckeberg medial calcific sclerosis and Arteriolosclerosis, which vary in pathophysiological and clinical presentation [14]. As described above (3.1), atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death (up to 30%) in developed countries and represents the major portion of CVD. Atherosclerosis (literal origin from Greek: athero = â€Å"gruel or paste†; sclerosis = â€Å"hardness†) is defined as â€Å"thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls† and describes a process, where fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium and fibrin building up in the inner lining of arteries [14]. These intimal lesions are called â€Å"atheromas†, â€Å"atheromatous† or â€Å"fibrofatty plaques†, which lead into an obstruction of vascular lumens and weakness the underlying media. Even within a given arterial bed, lesions or stenoses due to atherosclerosis tend to occur focally, typically in certain predisposed regions. 3.1.1.1 Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis Due to overwhelming importance of atherosclerosis, enormous efforts have been spent to discover its cause over the last few decades. Today, the currently accepted concept, so called â€Å"the response to injury hypothesis†, considers atherosclerosis to be a chronic inflammatory response of the arterial wall initiated by injury to the endothelium [15]. Furthermore, lesion initiation and progression are sustained by interaction between lipoproteins, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, and the normal cellular constituents of the arterial wall. This process of developing atherosclerosis, which typically lasts over a period of many years usually many decades, can be divided into several consecutive steps, as illustrated in Figure 2 [REF]. Parallel, a morphological change is observed within the artery wall, where fatty streak represents the initial morphological lesion, even so the pathogenesis has started quite earlier with a chronic endothelial injury [REF]. Figure 2: Illustration of the Pathogenesis and Morphological Development of Atherosclerosis. SMC: Smooth muscle Cell; 6 ÃŽ ¼m thick histology slices of coronary arteries stained with Movats pentachrome. A: pathological intimal thickening with a â€Å"fatty streak†; B: pathological intimal thickening with a macrophage infiltration; C: early fibroatheroma with neoangiogenesis; D: fibroatheroma with thin fibrous cap and a healed rupture; E; late fibroatheroma with a sheet calcification. * demarks necrotic scores. Histology performed by CVPath Laboratory, Maryland, MD. The below described steps of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis shouldnt been seen as a separated processes. They are interconnected and occur parallel. Further, several mechanism of vicious circles are described [REF]. However, the stratification into the flowing six steps helps to understand the complex pathogenesis and represents the current understanding: (1) Chronic Endothelia Injury As the earliest step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, endothelial activation and chronic injury, also known as endothelial dysfunction, have been described [16]. The following factors contributed in different extent to endothelial dysfunction and are partly known as traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis [17]: advancing age, dyslipidemia, hypertension, increased levels angiotensin, insulin resistance and diabetes, smoking, estrogen deficiency. Several biochemical pathways have been described for those factors increasing the endothelial dysfunction. Other factors like hyperhomocysteinemia, possible infection and especially low or oscillatory shear stress are still discussed whether they significantly contribute to endothelial dysfunction [18-22]. The phenotypic features of endothelial dysfunction are described as the reduced vasodilator and increased vasoconstrictor capacity, an enhanced leukocyte adhesion, an increase of pro-thrombotic and decrease of fibrinolytic activi ty, and an increase in growth-promoting. (2) Accommodation and Oxidation of Lipoproteins In addition and due the endothelial dysfunction lipoproteins, especially low density lipoprotein (LDL), sequestered from plasma in the extracellular space of the arterial intima. Beside the extent of endothelial dysfunction, this process is depending on the concentration of LDL in the blood circulation [23]. Even so several mechanisms have been proposed for transport of LDL into the arterial intima including vesicular ferrying through endothelial cells, passive sieving through endothelial-cell pores, passage between cells, its not finally understand. However, strong evidence exist, that the accommodation of LDL in the arterial intima is not only a passive effect by a â€Å"leaking† vascular endothelium [REF]. Part of the lipoproteins that have entered the arterial wall stay there and are modified subsequently. Especially the modification of the lipoproteins has a trapping function for die selbigen [24]. The most common modification is the oxidation of lipoproteins, giving rise to hydroperoxides, lysophospholipids, oxysterols, and aldehydic breakdown products of fatty acids and phospholipids. But further modification like fusion of lipoproteins, proteolysis, lipolytic degradation and glycation are well known [25]. Such modified lipoproteins or particles of the modification process have inflammatory potential and trigger a local inflammatory response responsible for signaling subsequent steps in the atherogenesis. It includes a further increased endothelial dysfunction, which may cause a vicious circle of LDL accumulation, and activation of various cell types [24, 26, 27]. (3) Migration of Monocytes and Transformation into Macrophages/Foam Cells More important, the inflammatory response induces migration of leukocytes such as monocytes or lymphocytes into the lesion. Leukocytes are attracted by chemoattractant factors including modified lipoprotein particles themselves and chemoattractant cytokines depicted by the smaller spheres, such as the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin 1 (IL-1) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-ÃŽ ±) produced by vascular wall cells in response to the inflammatory process [REF]. The activated arterial endothelial cells express a number of adhesion molecules and receptors on their surface, which participate in the recruitment of leukocytes from the blood to the nascent lesion [REF]. Macrophages are a key player in atherogenesis [27]. They develop from recruited monocytes, which migrated as described above into the lesion. In the mediator stimulated process of maturation, those macrophages become lipid-laden foam cells by uptake of lipoprotein particles through receptor-mediated endocytosis [REF]. The accumulation of lipid in the macrophages results in the apoptosis and necrosis, which lead first to a boosted expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and second to a release of their lipid excess into a necrotic lipid-core [REF]. Macrophages further produce enzymes, such as metalloproteinases, that degrade the extracellular matrix and lead to instability of plaques [REF]. (4) Adhesion of platelets and Release of SMC activating factors The inflammatory process, especially triggered by the necrosis of the foam cells, microscopic breaches in endothelial integrity may occur. Platelets adhere to such sites of limited endothelial denudation owing to exposure of the thrombogenic extracellular matrix of the underlying basement membrane and form microthrombi. Although most of the arterial mural microthrombi resolve without any clinical manifestation, they lead indirectly to lesion progression by pro-fibrotic stimulation [REF]. The platelets, activated by adhesion, release numerous factors that promote a fibrotic response, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-ÃŽ ±) [28-30]. Thrombin itself generates fibrin that has a pro-fibrotic stimulus [28]. (5) Migration and Proliferation of SMCs The pro-fibrotic response includes first the migration of SMC from the media of the arterial wall, through the internal elastic membrane, and the accumulation within the expanding intima of the arterial wall. Second, stimulate the proliferation of SMC, which is responsible to form the bulk of the advanced lesion. Another part of the advanced lesions is an increased extracellular matrix. TGF-ÃŽ ± and other mediators stimulate the interstitial collagen production by SMC. These mediators may arise not only from neighboring endothelial cells or leukocytes (a paracrine pathway) but also from the same cell that responds to the factor (an autocrine pathway). Together, these alterations in smooth-muscle cells, signaled by these mediators acting at short distances, can accelerate transformation of the early lesion (fatty streak) into a more fibrous SMC and extracellular matrix-rich plaque. (6) Enhanced accumulation of lipids, collagen and proteoglycans The formation of a complex atherosclerotic lesion is characteristic by an extent remodeling process. Further foam cells within the expanding intimal lesion perish, while they phagocytose more and more lipids. The fibrotic cap between the so arisen lipid-rich necrotic core and the vascular lumen may vary in thickness and allows the classification of â€Å"thin cap fibroatheroma†, which correlates with a higher risk for acute luminal thrombosis [REF]. The production of extracellular matrix, as well plaque evolution and complication can be stimulated by diverse growth factors or cytokines like IL-1 or TNF-ÃŽ ±, and can be inhibited by other cytokines (e.g. interferon alpha (IFN-ÃŽ ±)) [REF]. As atherosclerotic plaques advance, they show intimal arterial calcification [REF]. The same proteins, which can be found in bone, are also localize in atherosclerotic lesions, e.g., osteocalcin, osteopontin, and bone morphogenetic proteins [31]. Both, passive and active models are discussed for the development calcification [32]. SMC can, promoted by several cytokines (e.g. transcription core binding factor ÃŽ ±1), acquire osteoblast-like characteristics and secrete bone matrix [33]. These examples illustrate how the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves a complex mix of mediators that in the balance determines the characteristics of particular lesions [REF]. 3.1.1.2 The Role of Inflammation The role of inflammation is central, while those inflammatory mechanisms mediate initiation, progression, and the complications of atherosclerotic lesions [26, 34]. Through the inflammatory process, arterial endothelial cells begin to express on their surface selective adhesion molecules that bind various classes of leukocytes, especially monocyte and T lymphocyte which are found in early human and experimental atheroma [REF]. After monocytes adhere to the endothelium, they can first migrate in the intima, largely stimulated by chemokines; and second transform into macrophages and avidly engulf lipoproteins, largely oxidized LDL [REF]. Although the phagocytosis of potentially harmful lipid particles by macrophages and subsequently the transformation into foam cells has an initially protective, this process involves further expression and secretion of inflammatory chemokines like Interleukin (IL)-1, Monocyte Chemotactic Protein (MCP)-1 or Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-ÃŽ ±. Those enhanc e the inflammatory reaction and enable the further migration of leukocytes into the lesion [REF]. Macrophages also produce toxic oxygen species that cause additional oxidation of the LDL in the lesions, and they elaborate growth factors that may contribute to SMC proliferation [REF]. Similary, T lymphocytes (both CD4+ and CD8+) are also recruited to the intima by chemo-attractants. Cross-talk between macrophages and T cells induces a chronic inflammatory state regarding cellular and humoral immune activation characteristics. This state of a chronic inflammation leads also to the next observed steps in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Thus, it stimulates the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMC), as well the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells in the lesion. Through fibrogenic mediators, released from activated leukocytes and intrinsic arterial cells, the replication of SMCs is getting enhanced and contributes to elaboration by these cells of a dense extracellular matrix characteristic of the more advanced atherosclerotic lesion. 3.1.1.3 Vasa Vasorum and Neo-Angiogenesis The vasa vasorum of the aorta is as a plexus in the wall of artery of microvessels, which are functional endarteries [35, 36]. They either originate from major branches, originate from the main lumen of the aorta or drain in concomitant veins [37]. These vessels allow the humoral communication between intravascular lumen, vessel wall and adventitial layer of large arteries including oxygen and nutrients supply [REF]. Several studies demonstrated that hypoxia [38], cytokines (e.g. vascular endothelial growth factor) [39, 40], pro-angiogenic factors (e.g. hypertension or hypercholesterolemia) stimulate the growth of the vasa vasorum [41]. Those increased microvascular network may contribute to inflammation and lesion complications in several ways. First, the vasa vasorum provides an abundant surface area for leukocytes trafficking and may serve as the portal of entry and exit of white blood cells from the established atheroma. Microvessels in the plaques may also furnish foci for intraplaque hemorrhage. Like the neovessels in the diabetic retina, microvessels in the atheroma may be friable and prone to rupture and can produce focal hemorrhage. Such a vascular leak leads to thrombosis in situ and thrombin generation from prothrombin. In addition to its role in blood coagulation, thrombin can modulate many aspects of vascular cell function, as described above. Atherosclerotic plaques often contain fibrin and hemosiderin, an indication that episodes of intraplaque hemorrhage contribute to plaque complications. Multiple and often competing signals regulate these various cellular events. Increasingly, we appreciate links between atherogenic risk factors, inflammation, and the altered behavior of intrinsic vascular wall cells and infiltrating leukocytes that underlie the complex pathogenesis of these lesions. The present data indicate that vasa vasorum neoangiogenesis and atherosclerosis are seemingly inseparably linked, triggered and perpetuated by inflammatory reactions within the vascular wall. 3.1.1.4 Risk Factors for Development of Atherosclerosis Local shear stress In the coronary circulation, for example, the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery exhibits a particular predilection for developing atherosclerotic disease. Likewise, atherosclerosis preferentially affects the proximal portions of the renal arteries and, in the extracranial circulation to the brain, the carotid bifurcation. Indeed, atherosclerotic lesions often form at branching points of arteries, regions of disturbed blood flow. Age, Gender, HTN, HLP, DM, Smoking, Race/Ethnicity, 3.1.1.5 Atherosclerosis of the Aorta In the characteristic distribution of atherosclerotic plaques in humans the abdominal aorta (Fig. 11-8) is usually much more involved than the thoracic aorta, and lesions tend to be much more prominent around the origins (ostia) of major branches. In descending order (after the lower abdominal aorta), the most heavily involved vessels are the coronary arteries, the popliteal arteries, the internal carotid arteries, and the vessels of the circle of Willis. Vessels of the upper extremities are usually spared, as are the mesenteric and renal arteries, except at their ostia. Nevertheless, in an individual case, the severity of atherosclerosis in one artery does not predict the severity in another. In an individual, and indeed within a particular artery, lesions at various stages often coexist. 2009_Dijk_The natural history of aortic atherosclerosis_A systematic histopathological evaluation of the peri-renal region.pdf 3.1.2 Peripheral Arterial Disease Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is caused by atherosclerosis and represents the most common cause of lower extremity ischemic syndromes in developed countries [42]. Symptoms of PAD are variable including pain, ache, hair loss, thickened nails, smooth and shiny skin, reduced skin temperature, cramp, muscle atrophy, or a sense of fatigue in the muscles. Because of the variability of symptoms, the diagnosis of PDA is frequently missed [43]. In addition, the major part of patients with PAD is asymptomatic [REF]. Beside these diagnostic challenges, PAD affects a large and increasing numbers of patients worldwide. Round 30 million people are diseased in worldwide, but of those only 10 million patients are presenting with symptoms [44]. Further, the prevalence is increasing with age [6, 45], while the prevalence is 10% at the age of 60 years [46]. Association to mortality!!! 3.1.2.1 Pathogenesis of Peripheral Artery Disease The leading cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, especially in older patients (>40 years) and at the lower extremities [42]. Other, but rare causes of PAD include embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, entrapment, and trauma. Atherosclerotic lesions, which are segmental and cause stenosis, are usually localized to large and medium-sized vessels. The pathology of these lesions is based on atherosclerotic plaques development, as described above (xxx). The primary sites of involvement are the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries (30% of symptomatic patients), the femoral and popliteal arteries (80-90%), and the more distal arteries (40-50%) [REF]. Atherosclerotic lesions have been predominantly observed at arterial branch points. These may be explained by altered shear stress [REF]. However, the involvement of the distal and smaller arteries is more common in elderly individuals and patients with diabetes mellitus [REF]. 3.1.2.2 Risk Factors for Peripheral Arterial Disease While atherosclerosis is the major underlying condition of PAD, the risk factors for PAD are essentially the same as those for other form of atherosclerosis (like e.g. CAD), see Table 1 [47-50]. However, the risk factors smoking and diabetes may have even greater effect for PAD as compared for CAD [51]. Risk Factors Increased risk for PAD Hypercholesterolemia 1- to 2-fold (low) Homocysteinemia 1- to 3-fold (moderate) Hypertension 1- to 3-fold (moderate) Smoking (current and past) 2- to 4-fold (high) Diabetes mellitus 2- to 4-fold (high) Table 1: Risk Factors for Peripheral Arterial Disease 3.1.2.3 Clinical Presentation of Peripheral Artery Disease PAD affects more often the lower extremities (xx times more often than upper extremities) [REF]. The most common symptom of PAD is intermittent claudication, which is defined as presence of pain, ache, cramp, numbness, or a sense of fatigue in the muscles. Those symptoms occur during exercise and are relieved by rest, as result of the increased muscle ischemia during exercise caused by obstruction to arterial flow. Patients with PAD in the lower extremities resulting in ischemia may range in presentation from no symptoms to limb-threatening gangrene. Two major classifications based on the clinical presentations are established, the Fontaine and the Rutherford classification. While the more simple Fontaine classification consists of four stages (Table 2) [52], the Rutherford classification has four grades (0-III) and seven categories (0-6). Asymptomatic patients are classified into Rutherford category 0. Any patient with claudicants are stratified into Rutherford grade I and divided into three categories based on the severity of the symptoms. If patients have pain at rest, they belong to Rutherford grade II and category 4. Any patient with tissue loss are classified into Rutherford grade III and categories 5 and 6, based on the significance of the tissue loss [4]. These two clinical classifications can be translated into each other according to Table 2. Fontaine Classification Rutherford Classification Stage Clinical Grade Category Clinical I Asymptomatic 0 0 Asymptomatic IIa Mild claudication I 1 Mild claudication IIb Moderate to severe claudication I 2 Moderate claudication I 3 Severe claudication III Ischemic rest pain II 4 Ischemic rest pain IV Ulceration or gangrene III 5 Minor tissue loss III 6 Major tissue loss Table 2: Classification of Peripheral Arterial Disease based on the Fontaine Classification in Comparison the Rutherford Classification In the Framingham Offspring Study, the prevalence of PAD was determined in 1554 males and 1759 females from 1995 to 1998.55 The mean age was 59 years. PAD, defined as an ankle-brachial (blood pressure) index (ABI) of ABI Severity of PAD The physician also queried the participant about symptoms of intermittent claudication using a standardized questionnaire [53]. 3.2 Local Adipose Tissue Depots 3.2.1 Variability of Adipose Tissue 3.2.1.1 Anatomy and Morphology SACK: Epicardial, mesenteric, and omental fat all share the same origin from the splanchnopleuric mesoderm associated with the gut.11 Pericardial fat (pericardial adipose tissue [PAT]) is defined as epicardial fat in all these possible locations plus paracardial fat.14 Paracardial fat is situated on the external surface of the parietal pericardium within the mediastinum and has alternatively been termed mediastinal fat.15 Paracardial fat originates from the primitive thoracic mesenchyme, which splits to form the parietal (fibrous) pericardium and the outer thoracic wall.16 Epicardial adipose tissue is supplied by branches of the coronary arteries, whereas paracardial fat is supplied from different sources including the pericardiacophrenic artery, a branch of the internal mammary.17 Lipolysis and lipogenesis have not been measured directly in human epicardial fat. Based on approximately 2-fold higher rates of lipolysis and lipogenesis in guineapig epicardial fat than other fat depots, Marchington et al18,19 proposed that EAT serves to capture and store intravascular free fatty acid (FFA) to protect cardiomyocytes from exposure to excessive coronary arterial FFA concentrations during increased energy intake and, at other times, to release FFA as an immediate ATP source for the myocardium during periods of need. Epicardial fat and the myocardium are contiguous. Islands of mature adipocytes are more frequ ent within the subepicardial myocardium of the RV than the LV13 and may act as more readily available, direct sources of FFA for cardiomyocytes. The thickness of the wall of the right atrium is about 2 mm; the left atrium, 3 to 5 mm; the RV, 3 to 5 mm; and the LV, 13 to 15 mm.20 Possibly, FFAs could diffusebidirectionally in interstitial fluid across concentration gradients from epicardial fat into the atrial and RV walls where EAT predominates and vice versa, but this process in the LV wall can be questioned because the diffusion distance is much longer. Peri-vascular adipose tissue is defined as any adipocytes, which are located close to the vascular wall and has the possibility to secret their biomarkers into the vasa vasora of the wall (see 3.2.1.2). 3.2.1.2 Secretion of Biomarkers by Adipose Tissue Adipose tissue is known to have more functions than lipid storing. Adipose tissue secrets biomarkers and serves as an endocrine organ. Beside hormones, it secrets also different inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The amount of adipose tissue were associated to xxx, xxx, xxx (FRAMINGHAM?!). Especially peri-vascular adipose tissue like epicardial or visceral adipose tissue demonstrated higher expression of inflammatory biomarkers compared to other adipose tissue depots in the body [REF]. Beside the systemic effect of the secreted cytokines and chemokines, also a local effect/paracrine is hypothesied. Biomarkers secreted of peri-vascular adipose tissue reach over the vasa vasora of the major arteries their adventitia, media, and intima. Therefore it might be involved in the inflammatory process of atherosclerotic plaque. Further, a local effect can be thought by direct diffusion. 3.2.2 Association of Adipose Tissue to Cardiovascular Disease 3.2.2.1 Atherosclerosis 3.2.2.2 Peripheral Arterial Disease 3.2.3 In-Vivo Assessmentof Adipose Tissue 3.2.3.1 Traditional Measures * BMI and WC [54] 3.2.3.2 Imaging-based Assessment * dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) [55] * magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [56, 57] * ultrasound [58] * multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) [59, 60] 3.3 Framingham Heart Study 3.3.1 Historical Origin of the Framingham Heart Study Infectious diseases were prior to World War II the major burden for public health. But through a greater microbiological knowledge and improved sanitation, the morbidity and mortality of infectious disease decreased continuously. When penicillin was introduced in 1942, a dramatic reduction was made in the prevalence and incidence of infectious diseases, especially by controlling tuberculosis and pneumococcal pneumonia [REF]. Replacing infectious diseases, public health was challenged by a mounting epidemic of CVD starting in the 1940s. With World War II over the alarming rise of CVD became increasingly evident. In the United States, 30% of all men developed CVD before reaching the age sixty. The prevalence of CVD was twice of cancer by 1950 and had become the leading cause of death [REF]. Even so the available statistic data from around the world was often crude and inaccurate, it clearly demonstrated a worldwide atherosclerotic CVD problem. Furthermore there was no known treatment to prolong life and to reduce mortality. Added to these distresses was the fact that little was known about etiology, pathogenesis and epidemiology of CVD. The big gap between the enormous public health burden of CVD on the one site and the little understanding of this disease on the other site increased drastically the need for action. At this time, some believed a primary preventative approach was more promising than a search for cures [Dawber, Thomas R. (1980), The Framingham Study: The Epidemiology of Atherosclerotic Disease, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.], while the secrets of the etiology of CVD and subsequently for treatment were not being uncovered by basic laboratory and clinical research. Some of these prevention-minded individuals occupied positions of influence and were able to translate their beliefs into actions. The key was to develop a preventive approach, where first of all the characteristics of the host and environment, which lead to the early appearance of the disease, had to be determined. In particular, preventable or modifiable predisposing factors had to be identified. If a practical preventive approach was developed, the hope was that doctors and public health officials would adopt it and so have a widespread impact on the reduction of CVD-based morbidity and mortality. Accordingly to the preventive approach, the Framingham Heart Study was designed given the charge to identify these modifiable characteristics of host and environment for CVD. 3.3.2 Initiation of the Framingham Heart Study By the mid 1940s several striking studies were conducted with an examples epidemiological approach in the fields of nutritional imbalance, metabolic disorders, occupational hazards, accidents, cancer and rheumatic fever under principle investigators (PI) Drs. Dawber, Meadors and Moore [REF, Dawber, Meadors and Moore 1951]. In common, an association between the circumstances and the disease could be identified with-out knowledge of the precise etiology. One of those studies was performed by Dr. John Snow in 1936. He demonstrated that cut-ting off the water supply from contaminated wells, despite incomplete knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease, stopped cholera. He observed on the one hand the source of the water supply and on the other hand the time and place where the disease occurred. He sufficiently pinpointed based on his observations the major environmental factor for cholera. Further investi

Executive and Managerial Planning for Bosch-Kazakhstan

Bosch Group is a global manufacturer of automotive and industrial technology, consumer goods and building technology (337). The Bosch Group’s HR philosophy is ‘†¦ to promote the moral, physical and intellectual development of the people (337). ‘ The Bosch Group believes in higher within the company rather than new hires from outside, therefore a lot of time is spent developing the talent Bosch already has. Bosch-Kazakhstan has four production sites in different rural locations (gasoline, Bosch-Rexroth, security systems and diesel motors). The board of management is requesting an EMP (Executive and Managerial Planning) for Bosch-Kazakhstan. Staffing is crucial with Bosch-Kazakhstan as the diesel motor production is fast growing compared to the other three sites. Problems Bosch-Kazakhstan faces a number of staffing problems. The labor market is very small. Possible local candidates lack national and international experiences and current qualified Bosch employees find the Kazakhstan sites unattractive due to a small domestic labor market for qualified managers and specialist. The main language spoken in Kazakhstan is Russian and it only has 2. 4 percent of Germans. All of the upper managers are expatriates (an employee working away from his or her home country). Solutions With staffing problems, I think Bosch should have a placement of an additional expatriates by recruiting potential individuals in the MDP (Manager Development Plan) and the JUMP (Junior Management Program) in Germany that are well aware of the Kazakhstan culture and values and he or she is required to address both short-term and long-term staffing needs. Another solution could be the placement of Kazakhstan workers in both the MDP and JUMP programs for a shorter period of time and to provide a 6 to 12 months stay in Bosch Germany facility in order to acquire greater experience. Training courses should be implemented to further gain background knowledge and experience. Maybe having a Kazakhstan worker with a HR background or a native born worker who is capable of responding to the upper and middle managerial level positions enroll in the JUMP and MDP programs or get hired in the company to further help Bosch find potential local candidates. Also having a pay for performance plan like additional bonus and incentives is another key factor of motivating employees to be more willing to take positions in Kazakhstan. Bosch should also seek its upper and middle managerial employees who at least have an outstanding background excelling in learning the language and be more willingly to accept different cultures. Outcomes Bosch-Kazakhstan will fill higher management positions with qualified employees who are accustomed to the local culture and who will carry-on the Bosch Group mission. Local candidates will be trained for entry-level positions with the hopes of someday becoming a manager after extensive training. The Bosch Group will be true to their HR philosophy if these changes are implemented quickly.

Eugenics the Unethical Pseudoscience Essay

Our topic was on selective human breeding, or in other words eugenics. If you don’t know what eugenics is don’t worry I’ll tell you, according to Oxford dictionaries eugenics is the science of improving a population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. Desirable heritable characteristics for example can be things like a particular eye color, hair color, height, etc. My question to you all is if you think eugenics is ethical or not? I want to hear your answer after I give you my reasons of why I don’t believe eugenics is ethical. Now this might not sound like such a controversial topic but the history of eugenics is not exactly a bright one. Now everyone knows how WWII began, and the people responsible for it. Hitler and his henchmen victimized an entire continent, murdered millions, during his search for what he called the â€Å"Master Race. † His vision of the ideal race was white, blonde-haired, and blue-eyed, but contrary to popular belief, this idea of the â€Å"Master Race† did not originate with Hitler. The idea came from the United States and its eugenics program. The E. R.  O also known as the Eugenics Record Office was founded on 1910 in New York. A thing that not many people know is that the United States actually had one of the largest eugenic movements in the world. Eugenics was used by scientists as a way to control people, by that I mean they would use various research methods, hereditary questionnaires, and interviewing groups with special interests. The E. R. O. was able to convince the U. S. government to administer eugenic laws nationwide. This included immigration and marriage restrictions, race segregation, and forced sterilization of criminals and who was seen as undesirable. Well what is forced sterilization you ask? To simplify it for males it’s a vasectomy and for woman it’s a tubal ligation, getting your tubes tied. The U. S. was forcing people to be sterilized just because they were seen as unfit to breed, because they didn’t fall under what was seen as desirable. Now this thing eugenics they called it science, I personally see it as pseudoscience used to discriminate people, was used for decades. Oh and did you know that California had the largest eugenics movement in the country. From 1907 to the 1970’s over 60,000 people were forced sterilized in the U. S. alone, and 20,000 of those people were in California. Now who decides if a person should be forced sterilized or not, well a list was made and if a person has or falls under any of the items on that list, they are to be sterilized right away. The few things on that list are paralysis, congenital blindness, acquired deafness, sexual promiscuity, and not being physically attractive. Now I have a video I’d like to show you about eugenics and its forced sterilization.

Las 432 Course Capstone Project [Remote/Robotic Surgeries]

LAS 432 Course Capstone Project [REMOTE/ROBOTIC SURGERIES] (LAS 432 - 61870) Professor Melichar August 19, 2013 Team E Team Leader: Jeffrey Manego - D01493135 Team Members: Charles Granke - D03059579 Cheri Clavette - D03363456 Fannie Cameron - D03514004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Description of the Technology 4 Minimally Invasion 4 Zeus System 5 Da Vinci Surgical System 6 Catheter-Based Robotic Intervention 7 The Magellan Robotic System 8 The History of Surgical Robots 10 Evolution 11 Political and Legal Influences 14 International Use 14 Costs 14 Training 15 Selection 16 Placement 16 Psychological Considerations and Sociological Effects 17 Psychological Considerations 17 Sociological Effects†¦show more content†¦The master console consists of an image processing computer that generates a true 3-dimensional image with depth of field; the view port where the surgeon views the image; foot pedals to control electro cautery, camera focus, instrument/camera arm clutches, and master control grips that drive the servant robotic arms at the patient’s side.6 The instruments are cable driven and provide 7 degrees of freedom. This system displays its 3-dimensional image above the hands of the surgeon so that it gives the surgeon the illusion that the tips of the instruments are an extension of the control grips, thus giving the impression of being at the surgical site. (Lanfranco, et al., 2004, Para. 12) Some of the surgeries that Zeus and Da Vinci are capable of performing are; Transoral Robotic surgery (TORS), Bladder Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, Coronary Artery Disease, Endometriosis, Gynecologic Cancer, Heavy Uterine Bleeding, Kidney Disorder, Kidney Cancer, Mitral Valve Prolapse, Obesity, Prostate Cancer, Throat Cancer, Uterine Fibroids, and Uterine Prolapse. The numbers of procedures these systems can perform are growing as the medical community because more familiar with these systems. Catheter-Based Robotic Intervention Another type of robotic surgery is the catheter-based robotic intervention. There are two different types of catheter-based robotic intervention technologies in uses currently, electromechanically based systemShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSingapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art